Oral administration is not effective because the peptide fragments are broken down in the digestive tract before they can reach systemic circulation
886 The intestinal microbiota metabolite capsiate is negatively correlated with cartilage degeneration score in OA mice, and capsiate reduces ferroptosis dependent osteoarthritis both in vivo and in vitro, through activation of SLC2A1 and inhibition of HIF-1
separation occurs in the terminal ileum in the presence of calcium, and Vitamin B12 enters the mucosal cell for absorption
Glutathione serves as a potent antioxidant, effectively scavenging harmful free radicals and safeguarding cells from oxidative stress, a crucial function not easily replicated by oral supplementation
Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 38:342, 1997
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